Why Do Teeth Become Sensitive?

Have you noticed what foods you once thought of as harmless now seem to make you wince in pain?

Tooth sensitivity is a common dental problem, affecting an estimated 1 in 8 adults. But what causes teeth to become sensitive in the first place?

A Bit About Your Teeth

To understand tooth sensitivity, it helps to know a bit about tooth anatomy. Each tooth is composed of several layers:

• Enamel: The hard, protective outer layer of the tooth.
• Dentin: The softer, porous layer beneath the enamel, containing microscopic tubules filled with nerve endings.
• Pulp: The innermost layer of the tooth, housing blood vessels and nerves.

In a healthy tooth, the enamel shields the dentin from external stimuli. But when the enamel is worn down or the dentin is exposed, external stimuli can reach the nerves, resulting in the sharp, shooting pain of sensitivity.

When Sensitivity Strikes

Sensitive teeth often react painfully to certain triggers:

• Cold foods or beverages
• Hot foods or beverages 
• Sweet or sugary treats
• Acidic foods and drinks
• Cold air
• Brushing or flossing

The pain can come and go, depending on the severity of the sensitivity and the presence of stimuli. For some people, sensitive teeth are a chronic problem, while others may only experience occasional twinges.

Common Causes of Tooth Sensitivity

So, what causes the enamel to erode or the dentin to become exposed? There are several potential reasons for this to occur.

Enamel Erosion

One of the most common causes of sensitivity is erosion of the outer protective layer of your teeth. This can occur for a variety of reasons.

Aggressive brushing

Of course, you need to brush your teeth twice a day for two minutes to keep them clean and healthy, but too much of a good thing can be bad for your enamel. Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can gradually wear away the enamel, particularly at the gum line.

Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle brushing technique to minimize enamel erosion. You can also choose a toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth.

Teeth Grinding

The constant pressure and friction of tooth grinding can wear down the enamel over time. You may be unsure whether you grind your teeth, as it often happens at night. Morning headaches can be a clue, as can visible wear on the surfaces of your teeth.

If you grind your teeth at night, or if you just suspect it, see your dentist. We can look for signs of grinding and recommend a custom mouthguard to protect your enamel.

Acidic Foods and Drinks

Regular consumption of highly acidic substances like citrus fruits, sports drinks, and sodas can erode the enamel. Avoid these foods and drinks, or consume them in moderation. When you do indulge, rinse with water afterward to neutralize the acid.

Tooth Decay

Tooth decay is the death of tooth tissue that breaches the enamel and leads to a cavity. Cavities that penetrate the enamel can cause sensitivity and eventually severe pain.

The best way to prevent tooth decay is by regularly practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing. Also, be sure to see your dentist regularly for professional cleanings so that we can catch cavities early and treat them before they lead to sensitivity and pain.

Fractured or Chipped Teeth

Similar to a cavity, a crack or chip in a tooth can expose the dentin and create a pathway for sensitivity. A fracture or chip can occur as a result of injury or trauma, from tooth grinding, or simply from biting down on a hard object or food.

If you notice a chip or fracture, see your dentist right away to repair the tooth before more extensive damage occurs.

Gum Recession

As we age, our gums naturally recede, exposing the root surfaces of the teeth. These areas are not covered by enamel, making them more prone to sensitivity.

While early gum disease can be reversible, late-stage gum disease is not, so it is important to get gum disease or gum recession checked out ASAP. In the case of more significant erosion, there are techniques available to stimulate gum regrowth.

Don't Suffer in Silence

Your dentist can treat tooth sensitivity by addressing the underlying cause. We can also provide in-office treatments like fluoride or dental bonding to strengthen and protect exposed areas of teeth.

If you're struggling with tooth sensitivity, make an appointment with our office today. We can help identify the underlying causes of your sensitivity and help you find relief!